Encyclopedia of Nursing Education

Mary Jane Smith , PhD, RN, earned her bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Pittsburgh, USA and her doctorate from New York University, USA. Her majors at the master's level include medical-surgical nursing and mental-health nursing; and nursing science while in the doctoral program. She has held faculty positions at the following nursing schools: University of Pittsburgh, USA, Duquesne University, USA, Cornell University-New York Hospital, USA, and Ohio State University, USA; and is currently Professor and Associate Dean for Graduate Academic Affairs at West Virginia University School of Nursing, USA. She has been teaching nursing theory to master's students for over 25 years. Joyce J. Fitzpatrick , PhD, MBA, RN, FAAN, is editor of Nursing Education Perspectives , the flagship journal for the National League for Nursing, and the Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of Nursing, Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. She served as Dean at Case Western from 1982 through 1997. She has received numerous honours and awards including the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award 18 times. Dr. Fitzpatrick is widely published in nursing and health care literature. She is a former senior editor for the Annual Review of Nursing Research and a well-published Springer author and editor. Roger D. Carpenter , PhD, RN, NE-BC, earned a bachelor's degree from Kent State University, USA, master's degree from Case Western Reserve University, USA, and a doctorate from West Virginia University, USA. He has held staff development positions at University Hospitals of Cleveland, USA, and faculty positions at Wheeling Jesuit University, USA and at West Virginia University School of Nursing, USA. He is currently assistant professor and teaches courses in adult health and leadership at the undergraduate and graduate levels.