Encyclopedia of Biometrics

Stan Z. Li received his B.Eng from Hunan University, China, M.Eng from National University of Defense Technology, China, and PhD degree from Surrey University, UK. He is currently a professor at the National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and the director of the Center for Biometrics and Security Research (CBSR), Institute of Automation (CASIA) and the director of the Center for Visual Internet of Things Research (VIOT), Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was elevated to IEEE Fellow in2009. His research interest includes pattern recognition and machine learning, image and vision processing, face recognition and video analytics. He has published over 300 papers in international journals and conferences and authored and edited 8 books including Markov Random Field Models in Image Analysis (Springer, 1st edition 1995, 2nd edition 2001, 3rd edition 2009) and Handbook of Face Recognition (Springer, 1st edition 2005, 2nd edition 2011).Anil K. Jain, Ph.D. (Ohio State University, USA) is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering at Michigan State University. His research interests include pattern recognition, computer vision and biometric recognition. He has co-authored and co-edited several books, including Introduction to Biometrics (Springer, 2011) and Algorithms for Clustering Data (Prentice Hall, 1998). He served as the editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (1991-94) and has received a number of awards including Guggenheim fellowship, Humboldt research award, Fulbright award and King-Sun Fu award.