The International Encyclopedia of Higher Education Systems and Institutions

Editorial Board:Pedro Nuno Teixeira (Editor-in-Chief) CIPES, Faculty of Economics, University of Porto, Portugal Jung Cheol Shin (Editor-in-Chief) Department of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaEditors:Alberto Amaral, University of Porto, Porto, PortugalElizabeth Balbachevsky, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilAndres Bernasconi, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, ChileEdward Choi, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, U.S.A.Hans De Wit, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USAGaële Goastellec, University of Lausanne, OSPS, LACCUS, Lausanne, SwitzerlandFiona Hunter, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, ItalyBarbara M. Kehm, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United KingdomManja Klemencic, Harvard University, Cambridge, USAPatricio Langa, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Republic of South AfricaAntónio Magalhães, University of Porto, Porto, PortugalGoolam Mohamedbhai, University of Mauritius, Moka, MauritiusTerhi Nokkala, University of Jyväskylä, FinlandLaura Rumbley, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USABjørn Stensaker, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayLisa Unangst, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, U.S.A.Jussi Välimaa, University ofJyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandRui Yang, Hong Kong University, Pokfulam, Hong KongDr. Jung Cheol Shin is a Professor at Seoul National University. He served for the Korea Ministry of Education about 20 years. His research interests are higher education policy, knowledge and social development, and academic profession. He is co-editor in Chief of the book series Knowledge Studies in Higher Education (Springer). He is an editorial board member of Studies in Higher Education, Tertiary Education and Management, and Journal of Educational Administration. His book publications include University Rankings (2011), Institutionalization of World-Class University (2012), Teaching and Research in Contemporary Higher education (2014), The Future of the Post-Massified University at the Crossroads (2014), Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia (2015), and Doctoral Education for the Knowledge Society (2018).Pedro N. Teixeira is an Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at the University of Porto and Director of CIPES (Centre of Research on Higher Education Policy).He holds a PhD in Economics (Exeter University, UK), a Masters in the Economics of Higher Education at CHEPS (University of Twente, The Netherlands), and a BA in Economics (University of Porto). His research interests focus on the economics of higher education, notably on markets and privatisation, and the development of human capital as a research program. He is the author Jacob Mincer - A Founding Father of Modern Labour Economics (Oxford UP, 2007), which was the first volume of the IZA Prize Series and was awarded in 2009 the Best Book Prize by the European Society of History of Economic Thought. He has also co-edited the following three volumes: Markets in Higher Education - Reality or Rhetoric?(Kluwer, 2004), Cost-Sharing and Accessibility in Higher Education - A Fairer Deal?(Springer, 2006), and Public Vices, Private Virtues? assessing the Effects of Marketization in Higher Education (Sense, 2011). He has also published several articles and book chapters on the history of economic thought and on the economics of higher education. He joined IZA as a Research Fellow in December 2003.