Developmental Approaches to the Self

Each of the three great schools of developmental psy­ chology represented in this vo1ume--psychoana1ytic, cogni­ tive-developmental, and Vygotskian--diverges in important ways. But more recent changes in each discipline have led to new possibilities for theoretical integrations. Each ori­ entation has begun to focus upon the problem of meaning construction, that is, how a person's subjectivity and con­ sciousness is created through his interaction with signifi­ cant others. Each discipline also discovered that as it switched to meaning and interpretation as the foci of their work, they had to reformulate and, in some cases, reject po­ sitions taken by their founding figures. The papers in this volume attempt to describe the newest developments in each of these fields and to foster a theoretical dialogue around the concept of the self. The papers in this book emerged out of discussions at a Conference on the Self, sponsored by the Center for Psychosocial Studies in Chicago. For the psychoanalytic and cognitive-developmental ap­ proaches, we can observe a transition from what we call the bio10gism of both traditional Freudian and Piagetian memta­ psychologies to a more communicative-interactionist point of view. Psychoanalysts have focused on the subjective expe­ rience of their patients as constituting a reality in its own right, and therefore have always focused upon problems of communication and interpretation. But Freud's emphasis on bio-sexua1 development led him to create a metapsycho1ogy in which the basic organizing principle is that of drive re­ duction.