The Psychology of Hashish

ALEISTER CROWLEY, born Edward Alexander Crowley; 12 Octo-ber 1875 - 1 December 1947, was an English occultist, ceremonial magi-cian, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He was the founder of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding hu-manity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.Born to a wealthy Plymouth Brethren family in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, Crowley rejected his fundamentalist Christian faith to pur-sue an interest in Western esotericism. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, where some biographers allege he was recruited into the British intelligence agency. In 1898 he joined the esoteric Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and was trained in ceremonial magic by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and Allan Bennett. After moving to Boleskine House by Loch Ness in Scotland, he went mountaineering in Mexico with Oscar Eckenstein, before studying Hindu and Buddhist practices in India. He married Rose Edith Kelly, and in 1904 they honey-mooned in Cairo, Egypt, where Crowley claimed to have been contacted by a supernatural entity named Aiwass, who provided him with The Book of the Law, a sacred text that served as the basis for Thelema. Announcing the start of the Æon of Horus, The Book declared that its followers should adhere to the code of Do what thou wilt and seek to align themselves with their Will through the practice of magick.After an unsuccessful attempt to climb Kanchenjunga and a visit to India and China, Crowley returned to Britain, where he attracted attention as a prolific author of poetry, novels, and occult literature. In 1907, he and George Cecil Jones co-founded a Thelemite order, the A¿A¿, through which they propagated their religion. After spending time in Algeria, in 1912 he was initiated into another esoteric order, the German-based Or-do Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), rising to become the leader of its British branch, which he reformulated in accordance with his Thelemite beliefs. Through the O.T.O., Thelemite groups were established in Britain, Aus-tralia, and North America. Crowley spent the First World War in the United States, where he took up painting and campaigned for the German war effort against Brit-ain, later revealing that he had infiltrated the pro-German movement to assist the British intelligence services. In 1920, he established the Abbey of Thelema, a religious commune in Cefalù, Sicily where he lived with var-ious followers. His libertine lifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and expulsion by the Mussolini in 1923. He divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death in 1947.Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being a recre-ational drug experimenter, bisexual and an individualist social critic. He was denounced in the popular press as the wickedest man in the world and a Satanist. Crowley has remained a highly influential figure over West-ern esotericism and the counter-culture, and continues to be considered a prophet in Thelema.