The Value of Information

The notion that information has both statistical and pragmatic value dates back at least to the 1950s; in recent years, interest in the economic value of information has grown considerably. This book explores and analyzes innovative methodologies and applications of research on the value of information. Based on papers commissioned for a workshop hosted in 2010 by Resources for the Future, the book offers answers to important questions: What is meant by value of information? When does information have value? What are the stateof-the-practice methods for ascribing value to information?The book examines applications in two disparate fields linked by the importance of valuing information: public health and space. Researchers in the health field have developed some of the most innovative methodologies for valuing information, used to help determine, for example, the value of diagnostics in informing patient treatment decisions. In the field of space, recent applications of value-of-information methods are critical for informing decisions on investment in satellites that collect data about air quality, fresh water supplies, climate and other natural and environmental resources affecting global health and quality of life. The contributors identify five discrete approaches at the frontier of methodological advances: price- and cost-based derivation; Bayesian belief networks; regulatory cost-effectiveness evaluation; econometric modeling and estimation and simulation modeling and estimation. The authors advance terms to describe what is meant by value (which need not be expressed in monetary terms) and identify steps to ascribe, measure, and communicate value. The research presented here makes clear that those who invest in information collection must better understand the needs of those who use the information. What attributes of the information are most useful? How much precision or accuracy is most useful? What are the barriers to using information? How can the constraints on decision makers be reduced to enable them to make better use of information? The answers to these questions will help set priorities for information investment in areas that have the potential to produce the greatest economic and nonmarket value.