The Presence of Camões: Influences on the Literature of England, America, and Southern Africa

Of the great epic poets in the Western tradition, Luis Vaz de Camoes (c. 1524-1580) remains perhaps the least known outside his native Portugal, and his influence on literature in English has not been fully recognized. In this major work of comparative scholarship, George Monteiro thus breaks new ground. Combining textual analysis with cultural investigation, he focuses on English-language writers whose vision and expression have been sharpened by their varied responses to Camoes. Introduced to English readers in 1655, Camoes's work from the beginning appealed strongly to writers. His Os Lustadas so affected William Hayley's theory of the epic that he commissioned William Blake to paint Camoes's portrait and advised poet Joel Barlow to recast his New World epic along Camonean lines. Robert Southey's disappointment with Lord Strangford's translation of Camoes encouraged him to try his own versions. And the young Elizabeth Barrett's Camonean poems inspired Edgar Allan Poe to appropriate elements from the same source. Herman Melville's reading of Camoes bore fruit in his career-long borrowings from the Portuguese poet. Longfellow, T. W. Higginson, and Emily Dickinson read and championed Camoes. And Camoes as epicist and love poet is an eminence grise in several of Elizabeth Bishop's strongest Brazilian poems. Southern African writers have interpreted and reinterpreted Adamastor, Camoes's Spirit of the Cape, as a symbol of a dangerous and mysterious Africa and an emblem of European imperialism.