Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient

Rani Lill Anjum is Researcher in Philosophy and Principal Investigator of CauseHealth at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). She leads the NMBU Centre for Applied Philosophy of Science together with Elena Rocca, where she works on the philosophical foundations of science with focus on causality, probability and dispositions. Anjum has written four books with Stephen Mumford: Getting Causes from Powers, Causation - A Very Short Introduction and Causation in Science and the Methods of Scientific Discovery, published with Oxford University Press, and What Tends to Be. The Philosophy of Dispositional Modality with Routledge.Samantha Copeland is Assistant Professor in the Ethics and Philosophy of Technology section at Delft University of Technology. She was a postdoctoral fellow with the CauseHealth project and is on the editorial board for the annual philosophy thematic of the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. Copeland has published on the ethics of addressing unexpected results in clinical research that involves human subjects, including 'The case of the triggered memory: serendipitous discovery and the ethics of clinical research' and 'Unexpected findings and promoting monocausal claims, a cautionary tale'. She is also co-author of 'Pharmacovigilance as scientific discovery: an argument for trans-disciplinarity', written with Ralph Edwards and Elena Rocca. Elena Rocca is an interdisciplinary Researcher with background in pharmacy, biology and theory of science at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). She is Principal Investigator of the project CauseHealth Risk and Safety and leads the Centre of Applied Philosophy of Science with Rani Anjum. She is on the editorial board of the International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine. Rocca is interested in the role of philosophical bias in the production and evaluation of evidence. She is author of 'The evidence that evidence based medicine adopts', 'Bridging the boundary between scientists and clinicians', and co-author of 'Real or ideal risk? Philosophy of causation meets risk analysis' with Rani Anjum.