Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law

Claus Kreß is a Professor of International Law and Criminal Law. He holds the Chair for German and International Criminal Law and is the Director of the Institute of International Peace and Security Law at the University of Cologne. His prior practice was in the German Federal Ministry of Justice on matters of criminal law and international law. In addition to his scholarly work, comprising more than 150 publications on the law on the use of force, the law ofarmed conflicts and international criminal law, he has been a member of Germany's delegations in the negotiations regarding the International Criminal Court since 1998. He is a Life Member of Clare Hall College at the University of Cambridge, a Member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts ofNorthrhine-Westfalia, and the recipient of the 2014 M.C. Bassiouni Justice Award. He holds honorary doctorates from the State University Tbilisi and the University of Huánuco.Robert Lawless is a Judge Advocate in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps. He has been assigned as both a prosecutor and defense counsel, litigating military justice cases in courts-martial. He also served as an administrative and operational law attorney for the Third Infantry Division during Operation Resolute Support in Afghanistan. His assignments also include serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy, West Point, NewYork.