Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management

Lauren R. Shapiro is an Associate Professor at the Department of Security, Fire, and Emergency Management at John Jay College in New York.  She has a Doctorate in Philosophy from Rutgers University, specializing in Cognitive Developmental Psychology, a Masters in Science from Indiana University in Criminal Justice, a Masters in Art from Ohio University in Experimental Psychology, and undergraduate degrees in both Early Childhood Education and in Psychology from SUNY-Buffalo. In 2008-2009, she served as an extern with the Honorable Ralph Erickson in the U.S. District Court of North Dakota, Fargo, and as an intern with the Fargo Police Department.  Dr. Shapiro has done pro-bono work consulting with officials in the police, sheriff, and district attorney departments and with psychologists, as well as in-service workshops for those who work with children, including child care and social service workers.Marie-Helen (Maria) Maras is an Associate Professor at the Department of Security, Fire, and Emergency Management at John Jay College in New York.  She has a Doctorate in Law and an Masters in Criminology and Criminal Justice from the University of Oxford. In addition, she holds a graduate degree in Industrial and Organizational Psychology from the University of New Haven and undergraduate degrees in Computer and Information Science and Psychology from the University of Maryland University College. She has taught at New York University and SUNY-Farmingdale. In addition to her teaching and academic work, her background includes approximately seven years of service in the U.S. Navy with significant experience in security and law enforcement from her posts as a Navy Law Enforcement Specialist and Command Investigator. While in the Navy, she supervised her personnel in conducting over 130 counter-surveillance operations throughout Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.  During the early stages of her military career, she worked as an Electronics and Calibration Technician.